tombuch

Nope. The post I saw was simplly one or two lines, and may have been a classified. It was simply seeking a copy of the book "Cowboay's Caravan." -tb Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

There was a post someplace on dropzone, or perhaps the wreck seeking a copy of the book Cowboy's Caravan. I think it was in the past week or so, but I can't find the contact information. Does anybody remember seeing the post or request? Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

I don't consider pushing on a pin or moving a pin a test, it's more of a general field inspection, similar to a jumper asking if his three ring system is too tight and a rigger pulling the rings apart and moving them around, or perhaps dressing the exterior of a pop-top without pulling the pin. I don't think there was a consideration that the pin might bend under the low load applied by the rigger, and I suspect it didn't. My hunch is that the pin was already bent through regular use and the rigger didn't see it. That's a failure on the part of the rigger, but probably not a really big deal or a life threat (I didn't see the pin, so I don't know how much bend there was). Pins do bend in regular use and some manufacturers don't consider a small bend to be a big deal. Heck, the Relative Workshop even told me a tandem reserve pin could be left alone or "unbent." I disagree. A rigger should not be performing a test that is only recommended if the customer specifically says not to. The risk of a fatality here is very small. Consider: A tiny fraction of of a percent of pins have broken (about seven total, worldwide, I think). In order for a pin to cause a fatality it must break when needed, so not only must the pin be susceptible to breaking, the jumper must actually need to pull the reserve and the pin must break at that precise moment, under that specific load. Further, the jumper must NOT have an AAD, or the AAD must fail. It is highly unlikely that all these conditions will be met. I agree that pins should be tested, and mine have been even though they are outside of the date range. It is a good idea, The argument I am making is that a jumper has the right to make an informed decision about how much risk he/she is willing to take. The jumper should be able to decide if the risk of bending an otherwise good pin and being forced to purchase a new ripcord assembly, is greater than the risk of a fatality if the pin is actually bad and remains untested. The FAA specifically left that decision to each "parachute user." Should a fatality happen because a pin broke when needed, a rigger should be able to say that the customer was clearly informed of the risk (it was published in Parachutist and Skydiving over several months, it was posted on the local dropzone web and on many other sites, posted on the DZ bulletin board, announced over the DZ PA system, testing was offered and encouraged at no charge), and still the individual jumper refused to have his pin tested, as was his legal right." Agreed. However, if a customer says clearly that he doesn't want the test performed and you do the test and it bends an otherwise good pin, then you as a rigger should be responsible for the cost of replacing that pin. You also have a right to say I won't pack this rig without doing the test and the customer can then take the rig to another rigger. That is the jumpers choice, not yours. Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

You are correct. Technically it is not mandatory. There is the grey area of 'manufacturer's instructions', but that is thin. Not thin at all. The "Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin" from the FAA dated August 21, 2003 says clearly "...Due to the potential consequences of a failed pin, the FAA strongly recommends all parachute users inspect their ripcord pins in accordance with the Capewell Service Bulletin." Clearly, the test is not mandatory, but simply recommended by the FAA. No gray. No thin line. I agree that everybody should have the test done, but at The Ranch we really try to let our members make their own decisions. We mandated the test for three days, bent a pin, received complaints from our membership, and then increased training but made the test optional. In a short while all rigs will have been packed by a rigger, or penciled by the owner. I suspect most of those actually repacked will be tested by the rigger. I'll probably do an informal survey of our most active riggers to see if they are actually doing the test at repack. Tom Buchanan S&TA, The Ranch Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

From the USMC link: "The AOD will deploy a parachute automatically in the case that a jumper is unconscious or otherwise unable to open the chute himself." So they are calling their units AOD's, rather than AAD's...that's an issue the civilian community wrestled with many years ago and we changed to AAD to better reflect what the unit does (activates rather than opens). Tom Buchanan Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

I gotta disagree. The Capewell field test is NOT mandatory. Some dropzones, mine included (The Ranch) do not require this test, but strongly suggest it as a repack service item. We initially did the test requested by Capewell with the required 15 pounds of force, but we bent a pin and our other customers didn't want the test done after that. We offered Capewll an opportunity to drive about 120 miles to visit us and and explain the problem and the test to our 500 club members, but they declined. At The Ranch we made the testing service available at no charge for three weeks, posted the Capewell notice at manifest, and announced the testing service over the PA four times on six weekend days. We also discussed the pin failure and testing throughout the DZ so our club members and guests would understand the issue, and then we let them make their own informed decisions. It is really the customers choice unless a specific rigger wants to require the test. One option suggested by several riggers and manufacturers I spoke with was to simply push or press on the pin with LESS than about 15 pounds of force, so I suspect some riggers and some rig owners have done that as an option short of the official test. I don't know what rigger or DZ you are talking about, but I support the decision not to do the formal test if a customer is advised of the risks and declines the testing. If the test isn't done, it obviously shouldn't be listed on the card. As for the bend on your customers ripcord pin, it may have been there before the pin was handled by the other rigger, or it may have happened since. Tom Buchanan Sr. Parachute Rigger Safety and Training Advisor Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

I've been away for a while and just saw this thread. The following is taken from my article "Skydiving Risk" on the S&TA area of The Ranch web site at http://ranchskydive.com/safety/tb_article07.htm, and was adapted from JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy "...Skydivers will sometimes point to deaths in other sports or activities as a way of convincing people that jumping out of airplanes isn't all that dangerous. It is easy to look at 43,000 total motor vehicle deaths in 2000, and an average of just 33 skydiving fatalities each year, and believe that driving is more dangerous than skydiving. Yet, we should consider that the actual death rate for motor vehicles reported by the NSC in 2000 is .156 per 1,000 participants, while the fatality rate for active skydivers reported by USPA members is about 1.1 per 1000, based on ten year averages. The current worldwide three year fatality rate for tandem skydiving as reported by the Uninsured Relative Workshop is considerably lower, at .0042 per 1,000 participants, but that representation can quickly change with just one or two fatalities. So, skydiving can be accurately termed more dangerous than driving, or it can be shown to be safer than driving, depending on what data is used and how it is interpreted. We should always be very cautious when reviewing safety data and other statistical detail about skydiving, or any other activity. Statistics can easily be used to tell several conflicting stories at the same time, and should always be suspect..." For what it is worth, there have been tandem fatalities since the data was published, so the tandem number that looked so good when this was written are not so great anymore.-tb Tom Buchanan S&TA Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

First, check out the rest of dropzone.com, then visit the official United States Parachute Association web site at http://www.uspa.org. There are two great books available. The first is one I wrote for beginners, publilshed this past spring by McGraw-Hill. It is called JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy and it is targeted at people with no experience or just a tandem jump. It's a real basic book designed for people like you who want tons of information in a quick easy to digest publication. The first chapter is available as a FREE preview at Amazon.com. JUMP! lists for 14.95. The second great book is called Parachuting, The Skydivers Handbook. It was just released in a brand new edition (9th edition) and is targeted at both beginners and experienced jumpers. This book is considered the bible of skydiving for students and advanced jumpers, and I strongly recommend it. Both books are available at great discounts from Amazon.com. I suggest you look each up, and look in the bargain space on the page for each book because they often sell both together for a crazy low price. Blue Skies, Tom Buchanan Instructor (AFF, SL, IAD Tandem) Author JUMP! Skydiving made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

The ability to list the same person by several names or knicknames. The ability to gang people into groups so a team can be entered with just one team name, and set up so team members can be changed quickly. The ability to bill by the person or team. The ability to set different jump prices for different jumpers such as club rates, visitor rates, bulk rates, team rates, staff rates, special one time discount rates. Rates should be available by category, but should also be adjustable by the manifester. Thus, if a jumper has an established "cheap" rate it should automatically appear when that persons name is added to the manifest. Likewise for teams. the ability to tally a log of rates so a DZ can see how many slots were sold at what price. A quick-view tally of the current number of jumpers on a load and the current income being generated by the load. Some DZ's may set minimums for either the number of jumpers, or the amount a revenue a plane must generate before being launched. The ability to manifest different types of airplanes like Cessnas and Skyvans, and the ability to change the maximum number of jumpers allowed on each load, a value that might change based on fuel level, temperture, headwind/tailwind. Status of each load...has it been "called" yet, and how long until it takes off. Is it in the air, and how long until exit/landing? The flight time needs to be adjustable for each airplane, and quickly adjustable for fuel or maintenance delays. The ability to track activity by airplane so a DZO knows how many loads have been flown by each plane, how many jumpers have been flown by each, and the overall income each plane generated for a selected time period. The ability to flag a jumper for an out of date reserve, waiver, USPA membership, outstanding balance, or whatever. The ability to set those flags so they alert manifest to the problem and allow the manifestor to over ride, or the ability to turn off the over ride possibility. The ability to set those flags independently so manifest can be alerted if a reserve is out of date, or if they choose two days from going out of date. Likewise, the outstanding balance flag should be adjustable so manifest can allow each jumper to establish his/her own "credit" line, yet flag the account when the jumper is over the line and trying to manifest. Perhaps a few user adjustable hot links on each screen that manifest could use to click through to the USPA site, or Weather, or the DZ's own web site, all without leaving your software to dig back to the main desktop. The ability to network so multiple machines can be accessing the same data. The ability to export some data, but firewall other material, so things like current loads could be exported to a DZ screen or web site checked by jumpers using their wireless computers, all without compromising sensitive data like individual jumper rates, account balances, etc. Good luck with your project... Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Here is a url for the specific information you are looking for: http://uspa.org/publications/SIM/2004SIM/section3.htm -Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Steve: Check the FAR's in the back of your SIM. I'm away for a month and don't have mine handy, but I'm thinking that a jump into uncontrolled non-congested airspace simply requires NOTIFICATION, rather than Authorization. There is a big difference. Notification is simply a 1 hour notice to ATC filed as a NOTAM through Flight Service. "Congested Area" should be defined in AC-105, and I doubt a backyard in a wide open area fits the FAA description. Read the regs, discuss the issue with your S&TA and DZO, then discuss it with the FAA. They may be just over reacting. Tom Buchanan S&TA, The Ranch Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy[i/] Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

I also make note when I reach a "DO NOT CUT-A-WAY" altitude. In my case that's 1,000 feet AGL. Let's say I open at 2,500 feet and five seconds later I have a collision with another canopy. Cutting away is an option. Let's say that collision happens at 1,500 feet; for me cutting away is still an option, but others may choose to ride the mess down. Now, what if that collision is in the pattern at 300-500 feet? Jumpers who are programmed to deal aggressively with a collision may choose to cut a way without realizing they are so low, and some have. Unfortunately, there is rarely time for a reserve deployment from that altitude. My choice is to ride the problem to the ground and hope there is enough nylon to keep us both alive. Thus, as I fly through 1,000 feet I note the altitude and mentally change my collision procedures. I have more than 4,500 jumps and an RSL, so your altitude for this decision may be different. Tom Buchanan S&TA Author [JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Add a traffic check just prior to exit. Use part of the time after your helmet is on to really look out the windows for traffic. This is generally a weak point with loads in larger airplanes spotted with GPS. It only takes a few seconds of scanning at a time. See http://ranchskydive.com/safety/tb_article01.htm. Tom Buchanan JUMP! Skydivng Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Another great book is Flying Conditions Micrometerology For Pilots by Dennis Pagen. It is targeted at glider, ultralight, and balloon pilots, and covers weather systems like turbulence, thermals, air mass stability. Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

We need to find someway to separate the two coverages. Demo coverage should stand on it's own at whatever the cost. Third Party Liability is critical coverage for drop zones. Many DZ's on public airports are required to have this coverage and will be forced to close or move if it is not available. Likewise, the third party coverage helps DZ's on private airports. Last year we had a licensed skydiver slam into a parked airplane and do more than USD 20,000 in damage. The jumper was a college student with no job and no insurance other than the USPA coverage. Without that coverage the pilot would have been forced to collect from the DZ or airport. Drop zones and airports (and the owners of those airports) need third party protection or they won't let us jump. This is the critical part of the program and must be protected. The original post said the anticipated premium growth rate was something like 'more than ten times', and suggested the only alternative was to drop the coverage. I don't see the supporting documentation of figures to generate that level of premium or dues increase. In any case, our membership insurance is critical to me as a jumper, at whatever the cost. Tom Buchanan S&TA Instructor Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Yup, the pilots should be the first line of defense, but often they are pressured to fly unsound aircraft, or in dangerous/illegal conditions. The pilots need a back up, and that's us---the jumpers. Make sure your pilots know that safety is your top concern, and that you expect them to stay on the ground if the airplane needs maintenance. Likewise, stay on the ground yourself if sky conditions don't allow safe flight (cloud clearance/visibility). If you have a question about maintenance or safety, ask the pilot or DZ owner directly. If you are not satisfied with the answer, find another pilot at a different airport (perhaps even a flight school) who can give you some additional background and help you to evaluate the dz answers. Chris mentioned the importance of pilot training. As customers we can insist that the pilots who fly us have annual training, including simulators. Full motion simulation is especially important for multiengine turbine pilots, but few pilots get that kind of expensive annual training unless it is required by the insurance company. Talk to the DZ owner and insist that your professional pilots get professional training at least every year. One of the biggest safety issues is weight and balance, and that is often ignored in the skydiving world. Find a rotten weather day and ask your pilot to explain weight and balance issues related to your airplanes. Ask to see the actual weight and balance with a full load at takeoff, and ask to see how that changes when jumpers move around the cabin. Every pilot is required to calculate weight and balance for every flight. In most operations, weight and balance is calculated based on standard parameters and an acceptable envelope is generated...look at your operation and see if the way they are calculating that standard weight and balance is really the way the plane is loaded, and make sure the weights being used are close to actual weights. Weight and balance is all about math, so it can be a bit of a challenge for some of us to understand, but it is what keeps the airplane in the sky so it is important. While the pilot is the first line of defense, the jumpers are the second line of defense. Insist on a safe operation, and if you have concerns, share them with the drop zone owner. If the DZO doesn't help, call your USPA regional director to apply a bit more pressure. If that doesn't work, find a different DZ. Tom Buchanan S&TA, The Ranch Commercial Pilot (IAMSEL,G) Author, JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy For some other thoughts, check out an article I wrote for The Ranch web site a while ago. It's listed as "Piston or Turbine" and is the current article at http://ranchskydive.com/safety/index.htm. Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

When I earned my AFF instructor rating I was taught to position the pointing finger within sight of the student, then move the finger to point to the ripcord. So. it's not a "pull my finger," but rather a finger pointing to direct an action. Tom Buchanan Instructor (AFF, SL, IAD, Tandem) Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Try this FAA interpretation of a hook turn from the General Aviation Inspectors Handbook, Chapter 49, section 1 (15)(h): "(12) With the exception of DOD-sanctioned teams, no hook turns will be initiated below 200 feet AGL. NOTE: A hook turn is a maneuver in any maneuver sequence that causes the canopy to roll at an angle in excess of 45° from vertical and/or to pitch up or down at an angle in excess of 45° from horizontal while executing a turn in excess of 60°." Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Very interesting...has anybody played with one of these in the skydiving world? Tom Buchanan EMT-B, etc. Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Your concern is a good one. Drop zone packers often have no ratings, but lots of experience packing mains. The FAA requires that the main be packed by the person using it, an FAA rigger, or somebody else under the direct supervision of an FAA rigger. Many drop zones skip the "under direct supervision" part and let any yahoo pack the student mains as long as they have been trained. See article 11 at http://ranchskydive.com/safety/index.htm. The folks who pack your reserve must be rated as a senior or master rigger by the FAA, or must be under the direct supervision of a rigger...most drop zones follow the regs on reserve pack jobs. Learning to pack a main is pretty easy, and your instructors should be able to help you master the skill. It is generally taught around jump 4-5, but there is no reason you can't learn now. Ask your instructor to show you how...the best time to learn is actually on a rainy or cloudy day when the staff has time to show and tell, then watch you pack a few yourself. Your attitude about self control is a good one and will serve you well in skydiving, as it has in rock climbing. Many skydiving students are afraid of packing their own parachutes so they pass the task along to others. Doing it yourself is always a great idea and will help you to better understand your equipment. Once you get your own gear a good rigger will let you watch as he packs your reserve. If you have experience packing your main, he should even be willing to watch you pack your own reserve. Keep in mind it takes more time and energy to supervise a pack job, so tipping your rigger is a great thing to do. Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Instructor (AFF, SL, IAD, Tandem) Senior Parachute Rigger Commercial Pilot, etc. Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

The closer DZ may be as good as the SDU operation, or it may not be. It is pretty tough for a first timer to analyse the standards and programs at the two drop zones. The SDU tag should tell you that that DZ is offering a solid program with a high standard of instruction and performance, and for a difference of just 200 dollars for the entire program cost, I'd strongly suggest it. Tom Buchanan Instructor (AFF, SL, IAD, Tandem) Author, JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

I suggest a single tandem as your first jump, followed by AFF. The tandem gives you some basic experience, and that makes the AFF ground training easier. Likewise, it gives you a pretty good idea what freefall and the parachute ride will be like on your AFF jump, so that helps you relax in the AFF program. Some people do AFF first without a tandem, and in fact, the AFF program was designed for that approach, so you may decide that is your best bet. I won't argue against an AFF as your first jump, but if I had to put a nickel down, I'd bet you would be happier with a tandem first. Generally, people who do other wild and crazy things (rock climbing, car racing, SCUBA diving, backcountry snowboarding, etc.) do well with AFF as a first jump. People who don't have a ton of thrill seeking experiences tend to like a tandem first. I'll bet you have tons of other questions, so I'll quickly recommend a book called JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy. I'm actually the author of the book, and it was just published by McGraw-Hill earlier this year. It is loaded with information for people like you who want to know all about skydiving training. Check it out at your local bookseller, or on Amazon.com. Amazon has something like 43 pages available for preview, so even if you don't buy JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy, the preview pages should help you, and THAT'S FREE!!!! Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Yes. I'm the S&TA at a major drop zone in the Northeast (The Ranch), and I know many people who don't bother trying for accuracy. It is an issue, and especially so at license time. I can't know everybody on the DZ, nor can I really verify the accuracy requirement, so it pretty much works on the honor system. When somebody brings me a license application I expect to see the required number of jumps listed in the accuracy spaces with jump numbers. If I'm suspicious, I'll spot check a few in the log book. If there is no accuracy listed in the logbook I'll refuse to sign off the license application, thus driving the person to another instructor for a bogus sign off. If it's a "D" license only an S&TA can sign it off, but with three S&TA's on my DZ folks can still do some shopping. Your question about how to handle accuracy, beyond the required sign-offs is a good one. The center of the peas is the best target, but sometimes it's crowded, or there may be too many other parachutes between your opening point and the peas. The best thing to do in that case is to pick a point someplace else on the DZ and land as close to it as possible. For example, you may choose to land next to a clump of brown grass by a ditch, or 20 feet from a specific fence post, or some other point on the field. The idea is to open your parachute, then select a point that you can safely reach, and that becomes your target. IMPORTANT: keep your eyes out for traffic and if there are conflicts yield to the other parachutes and skip the accuracy on that jump. Accuracy counts. It is important. People that skip accuracy training or fake their signoffs are really only cheating themselves. Tom Buchanan Author, JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

Jumping Through Clouds is published by 1st Books Library. It appears that this company is an "on demand" publisher, that means they actually print books one copy at a time as they receive orders. The company acts as a self-publishing agent for would-be authors, charging them for publishing services. Basically, it's a company that makes it's profit from the author, not from book sales. If you would like to comment on specific inaccuracies in the book, 1st Books Library can be reached (TOLL FREE) at 888-519-5121. Here are some quick numbers from Amazon.com today... Jumping Through Clouds sales rank: 1,167,486. Parachuting, The Skydivers Handbook sales rank 17,832. JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy sales rank 28,430. While Jumping Through Clouds may be a crappy book that trashes skydiving, it certainly isn't very successful. Tom Buchanan Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy

As you make your first few jumps things do need to be simple, and your instructors make most of the critical decisions for you. As you gain experience, you will be making more decisions for yourself. Obviously, the more information you have, the better your decisions will be. You are correct that there is often contradictory information on the web, and in fact, there are tons of opinions on every drop zone. You will need to take it all in and make your best decisions. My suggestions: 1) Read everything you can..web, Parachutist, Skydiving. There is also a great book for people in training, or experienced jumpers, called Parachuting, The Skydivers Handbook by Poynter and Turoff. This book is due for a new edition in the next several weeks and should be on every jumpers bookshelf. It's available from most gear stores, and also from places like Amazon.com. 2) Watch videos...check out Fly Like a Pro and Pack like a Pro, available from most major skydiving retailers. 3) Talk about what you read and see with your instructors. Ask questions. If your instructor has an opinion, ask him/her why, then ask for the counter argument. The best time to chat with your instructors is after jumping, or on bad weather days when they aren't doing anything...buy them a beer, or lunch, and pick their brains. Have fun! Tom Buchanan Instructor (AFF, SL, IAD, Tandem) Author JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy Tom Buchanan Instructor Emeritus Comm Pilot MSEL,G Author: JUMP! Skydiving Made Fun and Easy