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Exit Order Safety

By adminon - Read 29105 times

Brian Germain and wife Laura Kraus launch an exit over Voss, Norway. Photo by Ron Holan

There are many different views on exit order, although only some of them are based in science. The following exit order plan is based on the principle of "prop blast penetration": the degree to which a jumper remains under the aircraft based on the drag produced by their body position. When a jumper assumed a low drag body position, head down for instance, they follow a longer arc through the sky on their way to vertical descent.

The fastest falling skydivers are freefliers, which means that they remain under the aircraft longest. If freefliers exit the aircraft first, their trajectory will take them toward, and often beyond the trajectory of flat flyers exiting after them. This fact has been proven time and again in the numerous close calls that have led to the creation of this exit order model. Therefore, the best way to create maximum separation between jumpers at deployment time is to have the FS "flat" jumpers exit before the freefliers, regardless of deployment altitude.

Beyond this, we must also consider formation size when planning exit order. Since the last groups out of the airplane are more likely to land off the dropzone, large groups tend to exit before small groups based on the "needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few" principle of human civilization. I concur that this is a good plan, but for another set of reasons. Large groups tend to open lower than small groups due to task fixation and the need for adequate tracking time to create safe separation. This means participants of large formations should open closer to the dropzone. Further, smaller groups have the option of breaking off early, tracking perpendicular to the jumprun and pulling high to compensate for long spots, while the complexity of building a large formation makes it difficult to take such steps toward safety due to the peer pressure associated with the situation.


Photo by Ron Holan

The Exit Sequence

So this brings us to the preliminary plan of sending the flat flyers out first, in groups largest to smallest, then the freefliers. However, since inexperienced freefliers most often remain under the aircraft for a shorter period of time than vertically oriented freefliers performing perfect zero angle of attack exits, the order should be lowest experience to highest. This also allows the more experienced freefliers to observe the exits of the novices, giving them the opportunity to give helpful advice, and to provide extra time in the door if necessary. If the previous skydiver or group is still under the airplane, do not jump. When in doubt, wait longer.

Following the flats and then the vertical skydivers, we have the students and tandems. The order can be varied here, although there are some reasons to support sending the tandems out last. First, landing a tandem off the DZ is safer than landing a student into an unknown location. Second, students can sometimes get open lower than planned, which not only increases their risks of landing off, but puts the instructors at risk of landing off even more as they open lower than their students. Tandems on the other hand have the option of pulling whenever they see fit, which allows the camera flyer to get open high as well.

The last groups to consider are those involved in horizontal skydives, such as tracking, "atmonauti" or steep tracking, and wingsuit pilots. The truth is, experienced horizontal skydivers can safety get out of the way of other jumpers quite easily, and can exit in any part of the order. However, in the case of two or more horizontal skydiving groups, plans must be created and followed with vigilance. For instance, one tracking group can exit first and track out and up the right side of the jumprun, while another group can exit last and offset toward the left side of the jumprun. Three horizontal groups on the same aircraft are best handled by adding a second pass, although there is a great deal of room for creative answers when wingsuit pilots are involved.


Photo by Ron Holan

Timing the Exits

The amount of time between groups must vary based on the groundspeed of the aircraft. On a windy day, with an into-the-wind jump-run, the aircraft may move quite slowly across the ground, reducing separation between jumpers. This requires significant time between exits, perhaps as much as 15 seconds or more on a windy day or a slow airplane. The separation between groups can be increased quite easily on windy days by crabbing the aircraft with respect to the upper level winds, a practice that has become increasingly common at large dropzones. For a scientific explanation of exit separation, please read John Kallend’s PowerPoint, found here.

Many jumpers believe that once the freefall is over, there is no way to prevent a collision. However, given the glide ratio of modern parachutes, we have the ability to close the gap quickly after opening by pointing our canopies in the wrong direction. Given the fact that the vast majority of skydivers will be opening reasonably close to the jumprun, immediately flying up or down the line of flight is pretty much always a poor choice. Therefore, once you have cleared your airspace and pulled, your job is to look for traffic in your immediate vicinity and then fly your parachute perpendicular to the jumprun heading. I like to call this “Canopy Tracking”. Once you verify that the others are open and note their location, you can begin to navigate toward the play area and then to the pattern entry point. This all requires a great deal of awareness and adaptability, as even the best plan can change quickly in a complex environment.

The bottom line is this: keep talking. Every load is a brand new set of circumstances, and requires a good deal of thought and planning. Make sure everyone arrives at the loading area no later than the ten minute call to allow for healthy preparation time. Most accidents and close calls could have been easily avoided by skydivers talking to skydivers, and skydivers talking to pilots. Take your time in the door, keep your eyes open and take care of each other. It is a big sky up there, and when we work together, safety is the likely conclusion.

Brian Germain is a skydiving safety advocate, and has written numerous books and articles on the topic. He has a regular spot on Skydive Radio called Safety First, and has made over 150 safety related videos, all available through AdventureWisdom.com

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DvK
Nice post.
Maybe it's important to note that for the horizontal groups the safe zone is parallel to jumprun, instead of perpendicular like the vertical jumpers?

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ChrisD
Again, and again, the best exit order isn't an exit order. It's multiple jump runs for small dz's, and increased separation time for everyone. Other than that thanks for the reminder about Exit Order, and bringing this to everyone's attention. It's nice to read stuff about exit order and not get into the discussion about fuel and finances,...in the same sentence a safety issue. I mean that's usually what this discussion is all about anyways,...trying to dump as many divers into congested airspace, as possible, for money concerns????
C

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pchapman
What I did like is pointing out that among the freefliers, there are different levels of freeflying, something that not everyone might take account of if just thinking "big to small": Experienced head downers will drift back less than people doing a casual sitfly. So instead of just "belly then freefly" it may be "belly then slower freefly then faster freefly".
I didn't like the concept of "prop blast penetration" in the second sentence, despite it being enclosed in quotes. Prop blast itself clearly isn't a factor except right at the aircraft. Aircraft forward speed is the factor. Surely there's a better term available? Horizontal penetration? Drift back tendency? Maybe we don't have a standardized term yet.
Also, the spacing is determined not only by the relative forward penetration, but total time in freefall and thus time exposed to drifting back by the wind. In an instructional article one can't forget that second of the two main reasons for separation changes. (For jumpers falling down the pipe and not inadvertently moving horizontally, which then is an additional issue).
(E.g., Two groups could do identical head down exits with identical horizontal penetration, but if the second switches to belly half way through the dive, their drift angle will change and they'll drift back towards the first group.)
The "canopy tracking" term may be a little silly but is a nice way to create a mental reminder for people.

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Samuraii
The statements are obviously false when the plane goes downwind during exit.
So it assumes, the plane goes upwind during exit, but there are more options. I would be happy if Brian could comment on these two:
1. Wouldn't it be preferable if the plane goes upwind in a 45° degree angle, so that people can't be blown atop of each other? The plane should not cross directly over the drop zone, but across a point which lets the groups open in the desired spots.
2. If you go directly upwind, you assume that the exit seperation is a fixed time span. Wouldn't it make more sense to let the free flyers go out first (but earlier than the first bellys would exit), then take a very long pause then send the belly flyers out? Sure, you have to convince the belly flyers that they will open at the same spot as before (which would be a hard task), but with this way you get horizontal as well as vertical seperation between free flyers and belly flyers.
Stay safe!

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BigBearCards
Samuraii, There is much data and even more experience from actual jumps that show what Brian has to say is true. It's kind of like 'climate change'. Many say it isn't true, but all the scientific and actual evidence prove it is. BLUE SKIES . . . and let the belly flyers go first. :o)

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hackish
I sort of feel like the term "prop blast penetration" was made up or mis-typed. Even if you search the term this is the only reference you can find to it. I don't think it's a good term to use anyway since it is confusingly similar to "Prop Blast" and I think the effect of the prop has little to do with exit order.

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adamUK
I thought big groups exited before small groups because large formations tend to fall slower than individual skydivers.
I thought freeflyers went out last because they don't like getting cold near the door in winter ;-)

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feuergnom
prop blast penetration .... wtf? for the rest of the article: john kallend did all the math for exit separation years ago - where's the reference to him? and what brian burke wrote on when and how to put out tracking/tracing dives makes much more sense. last but not least: rating your own article with 5 stars: really cheap

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BrianM
We've had a perfectly good term for this for a very long time - it's "forward throw". It's in the CSPA PIMs, the USPA SIMs, and several other countries equivalents. It was in common use when I stayed jumping twenty years ago, and still is today. I'm surprised nobody here seems to know it!
"If the previous skydiver or group is still under the airplane, do not jump." sounds suspiciously like a variation of the 45° rule.

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BrianSGermain
It is quite obvious that the term "prop blast penetration" doesn't work for most people. I liked the alliterative quality, it is kinda fun to say, but I am willing to let it go. I think that "forward throw" is a great term that I have heard as well, or perhaps "relative wind penetration", "jumprun penetration" or even "horizontal distance traveled". How about we put it to a vote and have Sangiro change the article based on the people's choice?

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